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档案馆、图书馆等场所存在大量用于储存馆藏资料的受限空间，其火灾具有蔓延迅速、易复燃等特点，传统水基型或化学灭火系统易造成次生损害(如对馆藏资料造成水渍或残留损害)。液氮凭借冷却降温–惰化窒息的协同灭火机制及清洁灭火特性，在此类场景中展现出应用潜力。为研究此类受限空间火灾中液氮的灭火效能，搭建了全尺寸受限空间火灾试验平台并开展注氮灭火试验，通过分析注氮后火源区域温度和氧气体积分数的变化，研究了不同注氮参数对液氮灭火效能的影响。结果表明：液氮可有效用于此类受限空间火灾的初期阶段，在灭火区域面积为21 m2、注氮流量为45 L/min时，注氮开始至火焰熄灭用时57 s，燃烧区域环境温度由400 ℃降至60 ℃左右；随着注氮管径增大，液氮灭火时间呈现先缩短后延长的趋势，DN20管径下液氮灭火效果最佳，灭火效率较DN10管径和DN25管径分别提升了15%和21%；在注氮管径相同的条件下，注氮流量过大或过小均会减弱液氮灭火效能，且注氮流量变化对液氮降温效能的影响更为显著，试验过程中空间上部最低温度达到0.1 ℃。研究结果可为馆藏存储受限空间内液氮灭火系统的推广提供依据，并为其设计与应用提供参考。
Abstract：Archives， libraries， and similar facilities house numerous confined spaces for storing collections， where fires can spread rapidly and pose a high risk of re-ignition. Traditional water-based or chemical extinguishing systems may cause secondary damage， such as water stains or residue on valuable materials. Liquid Nitrogen (LN₂) presents a promising alternative in these scenarios due to its dual-action extinguishing mechanism of cooling and inerting， along with its clean extinguishing properties. To investigate the efficacy of LN₂ fire suppression in such environments， a full-scale experimental platform (7.0 m × 3.0 m × 2.5 m) was constructed. Nitrogen injection tests were performed using a standard wood crib fire source (0.35 m × 0.35 m × 0.08 m， with a total heat release of approximately 21.6 MJ) to simulate burning archival materials. The study systematically analyzed the effects of injection pipe diameters (DN10， DN15， DN20， DN25) and injection flow rates (25%， 50%， 75%， and 100% of the maximum flow rate of 45 L/min) on suppression performance by monitoring temperature variations and oxygen concentrations. Results demonstrate that LN₂ is highly effective for suppressing incipient fires in confined spaces. Under baseline conditions (using DN20 at a flow rate of 45 L/min over a fire area of 21 m2)， complete flame extinguishment was achieved within 57 seconds， during which the ambient temperature dropped from approximately 400 ℃ to around 60 ℃， with a maximum cooling rate of 28.8 ℃/s. Extinguishment time initially decreased but then increased with larger pipe diameters， with DN20 exhibiting optimal performance—improving efficiency by 15% and 21% compared to DN10 and DN25， respectively. The critical oxygen volume fraction at extinguishment was approximately 12%. When maintaining a fixed DN20 pipe diameter， both excessively high and low flow rates reduced suppression efficacy. Optimal performance was observed at 50% of the maximum flow (22.5 L/min)， which reduced extinguishment time by up to 38% compared to other flow rates and achieved a minimum recorded temperature of 0.1 ℃ in the upper space. Variations in flow rate had a more significant impact on cooling than on oxygen inerting. After suppression， temperatures stabilized around 40 ℃， with no signs of re-ignition， confirming LN₂'s deep cooling capability to eliminate smoldering risks in cellulosic materials. These findings provide a scientific basis for implementing LN₂ fire suppression systems in confined spaces used for collection storage.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.13637/j.issn.1009-6094.2025.2076
中图分类号:X932
引用信息:
[1]黄峰,孟令明,袁成成,等.馆藏存储受限空间内液氮灭火效能及关键参数研究[J].安全与环境学报().DOI:10.13637/j.issn.1009-6094.2025.2076.
基金信息:
国网河北电力科技创新成本项目（kjcb2025–020）
2026-08-25
2026-08-25
2026-08-25