安全与环境学报

针对电动汽车热失控火灾蔓延快、辐射强、处置难的问题，评估不同隔离与控制措施在实际充电站场景下的抑制效果，提出适用性的应急处置策略。依托自主搭建的充电站实体火灾试验平台，设置空白对照、压缩空气泡沫、细水雾与灭火毯联用三类工况，开展全尺寸纯电动汽车热失控火灾试验。基于车内温度、车辆上方温度场、周边环境温升及热辐射强度等多维数据，系统分析火灾发展特性及不同处置方式的差异。结果表明，空白对照无任何处置措施施加下车辆燃烧加速蔓延，峰值温度达到801 ℃，辐射强度超31 kW/m²，且存在复燃风险。压缩空气泡沫能显著降低车头区域温度并使辐射强度快速回落至接近0，适用于中后期持续燃烧抑制。细水雾在初期具备快速降温与削减辐射的能力，灭火毯能实现局部早期覆盖隔离，但对持续放热控制有限。不同隔离处置措施在作用时效与控制范围上存在明显差异。验证了不同隔离处置措施在作用时效与控制范围上的差异，提出分层、分时、多点协同应用策略，为电动汽车应急隔离处置措施的制定提供依据。

This study systematically evaluates the effectiveness of various isolation and suppression measures for controlling thermal runaway fires in Electric Vehicles (EVs) under charging station conditions. A full-scale experimental platform was constructed to replicate vehicle fires induced by battery thermal runaway. Three representative test scenarios were designed: a baseline free-burn scenario without intervention， a Compressed Air Foam (CAF) suppression scenario， and a combined water mist–fire blanket intervention scenario. A full-scale pure battery electric passenger vehicle was utilized to ensure comparability under identical environmental and geometric conditions. To characterize fire evolution and suppression performance， multidimensional parameters were measured， including temperatures inside the vehicle， temperature fields above the vehicle， surrounding ambient temperature rise， and radiative heat flux at a distance of 1 meter from the vehicle. These measurements enabled a comprehensive assessment of fire spreading characteristics， thermal radiation hazards， and the temporal and spatial effectiveness of each intervention method. In the free-burn condition， thermal runaway rapidly propagated from the battery compartment to the front section of the vehicle， reaching a peak temperature of 801 °C and radiative heat fluxes exceeding 31 kW/m. Re-ignition phenomena were observed， indicating a significant hazard to adjacent vehicles and surrounding structures. In the CAF intervention scenario， the foam layer effectively provided cooling and surface insulation， reducing the peak temperature in the front compartment to approximately 363 °C. The radiative heat flux decreased rapidly to near-zero levels and remained stable throughout the later stages of the test， demonstrating strong capability in suppressing sustained combustion and mitigating secondary fire risks. For the combined water mist and fire blanket condition， fine water droplets achieved rapid early-stage cooling and significantly reduced thermal radiation， while the fire blanket provided temporary isolation by covering critical burning areas. However， during the prolonged heat release phase associated with ongoing battery reactions， secondary temperature and radiation peaks were observed， indicating limited effectiveness in suppressing continuous internal heat generation. Comparative analysis reveals distinct differences among the three approaches regarding suppression timing， control range， and stability. Based on these findings， a hierarchical， time-staged， multi-point coordinated intervention strategy is proposed to enhance EV fire isolation and suppression in charging station environments. The results provide experimental evidence and technical guidance for developing practical emergency response measures for EV thermal runaway incidents.