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为掌握动态通风条件下半封闭空间内汽车火灾的火场特征与烟气蔓延规律，并探究通风控制的关键参数，采用全尺寸试验与数值模拟相结合的研究方法。在一座长30 m、宽与高均为7.6 m的半椭圆形隧道内，开展两辆小汽车的窒息燃烧与间歇通风试验；同时，利用FDS软件建立了精细化的数值模型，该模型综合考虑了多种汽车可燃材料（泡沫、织物、塑料等）的热解过程，并通过温度数据验证了模型可靠性。系统分析了通风面积、车辆数量与位置对火灾发展的影响。结果表明：在隧道完全封闭后，火势可在约3 min内因缺氧而得到有效抑制，同时烟气迅速积聚，5 min内充满整个空间，顶棚最高温度达350 ℃；间歇通风是调控火灾发展的关键，小面积通风不足以引发剧烈复燃，而大面积通风会引入充足氧气，导致火势剧烈复燃或再加剧。数值模拟进一步揭示，两车燃烧的最大热释放速率可达14 MW，且其峰值稳定出现在起火后10 min内；单车与双车燃烧时，其正上方顶棚最高温度可分别达275 ℃与450 ℃；车辆位置越靠近封闭端，顶棚热烟气积聚效应越显著。研究揭示了动态通风操作与半封闭空间汽车火灾发展的相互作用关系，证明了存在触发火势失控的临界通风条件。研究表明，在类似地下车库、隧道的火灾应急救援中，必须审慎评估通风时机与面积，研究成果可为受限空间的防火设计与灭火战术提供定量依据。
Abstract：This study investigates the fire characteristics and smoke spread patterns of automobile fires in semi-confined spaces under dynamic ventilation conditions， aiming to explore key parameters for ventilation control. An integrated methodology combining full-scale experiments and numerical simulations was employed. A suffocation and intermittent ventilation test involving two sedans was conducted in a semi-elliptical tunnel (30 m long， 7.6 m wide， and 7.6 m high). Concurrently， a detailed numerical model was developed using the Fire Dynamics Simulator， incorporating the pyrolysis processes of multiple automotive combustible materials (e.g.， foam， fabric， plastics). The model's reliability was validated against experimental temperature data. The effects of ventilation area (simulated by shutter heights of 30 cm， 90 cm， and fully open)， the number of vehicles (one or two)， and vehicle location on fire development were systematically analyzed using the validated model， which comprised approximately 500 000 grids. Experimental results demonstrated that after complete tunnel closure， the fire could be effectively suppressed within approximately 3 minutes due to oxygen deprivation， while smoke rapidly accumulated， filling the entire space within 5 minutes， with a maximum ceiling temperature of 350 ℃. Intermittent ventilation emerged as a critical factor: a small ventilation opening was insufficient to prevent significant fire rekindling， whereas a larger opening introduced sufficient fresh air， leading to vigorous fire rekindling or re-intensification. Numerical simulations further revealed that the maximum heat release rate for two burning cars could reach 14 MW， with the peak consistently occurring within the first 10 minutes after ignition. The maximum ceiling temperatures directly above single and double car fires reached 275 °C and 450 ℃， respectively. Additionally， the closer the vehicles were to the closed end of the tunnel， the more significant the accumulation of hot smoke beneath the ceiling. In conclusion， this study elucidates the coupling mechanism between dynamic ventilation operations and automobile fire development in semi-confined spaces， confirming the existence of a critical ventilation threshold that triggers loss of fire control. The findings underscore the necessity for careful evaluation of ventilation timing and area during emergency responses in similar environments， such as underground parking garages and tunnels， providing quantitative references for fire protection design and firefighting tactics.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.13637/j.issn.1009-6094.2025.1959
中图分类号:U492.83
引用信息:
[1]刘长春,徐诚,曹镠,等.动态通风条件下半封闭空间汽车火灾演化规律研究[J].安全与环境学报().DOI:10.13637/j.issn.1009-6094.2025.1959.
基金信息:
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目（2025JC–YBMS–392）; 陕西省重点研发计划项目（2024SF–YBXM–657）; 国家消防救援局科技计划项目（2024XFCX38，2023XFLR45，2024XFCX30）; 秦创原城市公共安全智能感知与应急救援“科学家+工程师”队伍项目（2024QCY–KXJ–170）
2026-08-27
2026-08-27
2026-08-27