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理解高压二氧化碳管道失效模式与风险，是开展管道安全管理及防护的基础。探讨了二氧化碳管道运行过程可能发生的“先漏后裂”“因漏而裂”失效模式。通过调研美国管道和危险材料安全管理局（Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration， PHMSA）数据库及相关文献数据，发现泄漏是二氧化碳管道最主要的失效类型，材料失效、腐蚀及外力损伤等因素均可形成穿透缺陷导致泄漏。分析了应力强度因子K、J积分、裂纹尖端张开位移δ及裂纹尖端张开角（Crack Tip Opening Angle，CTOA）等临界场参数以及管材临界断裂韧性的定义与判据，明确了低温环境对管材临界断裂韧性的显著削弱作用，尤其在韧脆转变区临界韧性下降速率快，存在明显的尺寸效应和离散性。结合量化临界断裂韧性与温度关系的主曲线预测模型，建立了二氧化碳管道泄漏诱发断裂的失效模式及风险评估流程。最后以X65管线钢环向缺陷为例给出了风险评估案例，结果表明，当参考温度分别为-50 ℃、-100 ℃时，若二氧化碳泄漏导致管材温度分别低于-39 ℃、-69 ℃，缺陷应力强度因子超过临界值，缺陷扩展并诱发管道断裂失效。建议在风险管理中集成缺陷裂尖场参数计算模型及管材低温临界断裂韧性变化模型，实现风险预警和防控。
Abstract：A review of the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration database and existing literature reveals that leakage is the most common failure type in carbon dioxide pipelines. Factors such as material failure， corrosion， and external mechanical damage can create through-wall defects that lead to leakage. This study analyzes crack tip field parameters—including the stress intensity factor (K)， J-integral， crack tip opening displacement (δ)， and crack tip opening angle (CTOA)—along with the critical fracture toughness of materials， discussing their definitions and failure criteria. The significant adverse effects of low-temperature environments on the critical fracture toughness of pipeline materials are explained， particularly noting that critical fracture toughness declines sharply in the ductile-to-brittle transition zone， exhibiting pronounced size effects and statistical scatter. Based on the master curve model， which predicts the quantitative relationship between critical fracture toughness and temperature， a failure mode is developed wherein carbon dioxide leakage causes a local temperature drop in the pipe material， triggering crack initiation at defect sites. The evolution path includes several stages: the formation of local defects leading to leakage; the initial crack tip field parameter being lower than the material's critical fracture toughness; carbon dioxide expansion causing cooling; significant temperature drops in the pipe material near the defect; a marked reduction in the steel’s critical fracture toughness; the critical fracture toughness decreasing to match the value of the defect’s crack tip field parameter; and finally， the initiation and propagation of the defect. Using defects located in the girth welds of X65 pipeline steel as an example， a risk assessment was conducted. The calculations show that when the reference temperature is -50 ℃ and the pipe material temperature drops below -39 ℃， the defect’s stress intensity factor exceeds the critical value， resulting in crack propagation. When the reference temperature is -100 ℃crack propagation is triggered if the pipe material temperature falls below -69 ℃ under the same criterion. It is recommended that both the crack tip field parameter model and the material critical fracture toughness model be incorporated into safety assessments and monitoring strategies for carbon dioxide pipelines， with particular attention paid to the effects of low temperatures on materials in leakage-prone regions.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.13637/j.issn.1009-6094.2025.1845
中图分类号:X701;TQ055.81
引用信息:
[1]石磊,周立国,王晓霖,等.高压二氧化碳管道泄漏诱发断裂失效模式与风险评估[J].安全与环境学报().DOI:10.13637/j.issn.1009-6094.2025.1845.
基金信息:
中国石油化工股份有限公司委托技术研究课题（325011）
2026-08-04
2026-08-04
2026-08-04